{"id":2439,"date":"2018-08-15T10:48:48","date_gmt":"2018-08-15T17:48:48","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/xinrenfuyin.org\/?p=2439"},"modified":"2018-08-22T19:40:09","modified_gmt":"2018-08-23T02:40:09","slug":"%e5%b9%bf%e8%bf%9b%e5%8c%96%e8%ae%ba%e6%88%96%e8%87%aa%e7%84%b6%e8%bf%9b%e5%8c%96%e8%ae%ba%e6%98%af%e5%81%87%e8%af%b4","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/xinrenfuyin.org\/?p=2439","title":{"rendered":"\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0a\u7684\u79cd\u79cd\u96be\u9898"},"content":{"rendered":"<section>\n\t\u4e00&nbsp;<span style=\"font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6;\">\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u82e5\u5e72\u8bba\u636e\u5206\u6790<\/span><br \/>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n\t1<strong style=\"font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6;\">\u80da\u80ce\u91cd\u6f14\u8bba<\/strong><br \/>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n\t<img data-ratio=\"0.6679389312977099\" data-src=\"http:\/\/mmbiz.qpic.cn\/mmbiz\/ouWGcHBOUcOyHyzP36xUTssibrHj42m54PU3SvOLYxV1DYibmV3sSNuqVBaTfMc3iaQicDLP7LpIrwxKc2Xiajk6hNw\/0?wx_fmt=gif\" data-type=\"gif\" data-w=\"524\" src=\"http:\/\/mmbiz.qpic.cn\/mmbiz\/ouWGcHBOUcOyHyzP36xUTssibrHj42m54PU3SvOLYxV1DYibmV3sSNuqVBaTfMc3iaQicDLP7LpIrwxKc2Xiajk6hNw\/0?wx_fmt=gif&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1\" \/><br \/>\n\t\u5927\u591a\u6570\u9ad8\u4e2d\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u8bfe\u672c\u4e2d\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u5f20\u80da\u80ce\u53d1\u80b2\u56fe\uff08\u5982\u4e0a\uff09\uff0c\u663e\u793a\u9c7c\u3001\u877e\u8788\u3001\u4e4c\u9f9f\u3001\u9e21\u3001\u732a\u3001\u725b\u3001\u5154\u3001\u4eba\u7b49\u52a8\u7269\u5728\u80da\u80ce\u53d1\u80b2\u4e0d\u540c\u9636\u6bb5\u7684\u4fa7\u9762\u56fe\uff0c\u5176\u539f\u7248\u6536\u85cf\u5728\u4f26\u6566\u5927\u5b66\u7684 Bodleian\u56fe\u4e66\u9986\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\u662f\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u5fb7\u56fdJena\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u6559\u6388<strong>\u6d77\u514b\u5c14<\/strong>\uff08Ernst Haeckel\uff09\u3002\u4ece\u8fd9\u5f20\u56fe\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u662f\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u8fd9\u4e9b\u52a8\u7269\u6210\u5e74\u540e\u5f62\u6001\u5404\u4e0d\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u7531\u5171\u540c\u7684\u7956\u5148\u8fdb\u5316\u800c\u6765\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5728\u80da\u80ce\u53d1\u80b2\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5747\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f62\u6001\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f&ldquo;<strong>\u80da\u80ce\u91cd\u6f14\u8bba<\/strong>&rdquo;\uff08Ontogeny recaptulates phylogeny\uff09\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528&ldquo;\u65e5\u6677\u6a21\u578b&rdquo;\uff08Hourglass model\uff09\u6765\u9610\u8ff0\u80da\u80ce\u91cd\u6f14\u8bba\uff0c\u5176\u6a2a\u8f74\u663e\u793a\u8fdb\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5f62\u6001\u4e0a\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u7eb5\u8f74\u663e\u793a\u80da\u80ce\u53d1\u80b2\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5c31\u8c61\u65e5\u6677\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u80da\u80ce\u65e9\u671f\u90fd\u662f\u53d7\u7cbe\u5375\uff0c\u80da\u80ce\u53d1\u80b2\u6210\u719f\u540e\uff0c \u5c31\u6210\u4e86\u5404\u79cd\u5f62\u6001\u5404\u5f02\u7684\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u8fd9\u4e9b\u52a8\u7269\u53d1\u80b2\u6210\u719f\u540e\u5f62\u6001\u4e0a\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u6709\u591a\u5927\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u80da\u80ce\u53d1\u80b2\u7684\u67d0\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u5176\u5f62\u6001\u4ecd\u65e7\u4f1a\u91cd\u6f14\u4e00\u4e2a\u7c7b\u4f3c\u9c7c\u7684\u5f62\u6001\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7406\u8bba \u548c\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u5b83\u63d0\u793a\u5728\u80da\u80ce\u53d1\u80b2\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6b8b\u7559\u7269\u79cd\u8fdb\u5316\u7684\u75d5\u8ff9\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7406\u8bba\u5f3a\u6709\u529b\u5730\u652f\u6301\u4e86\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u8bc1\u636e\uff0c\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u5927\u591a\u6570\u56fd\u5bb6\u9ad8\u4e2d \u7684\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u91cc\u3002<br \/>\n\t&nbsp;<br \/>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n\t\u76f4\u5230\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e5d\u4e03\u5e74\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba<strong>\u7406\u5bdf\u900a<\/strong>\uff08Michael K. Richardson\uff09\u53d1\u73b0\u4ed6\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u7ed3\u679c\u548c\u6d77\u514b\u5c14\u7684\u4e0d\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u7406\u5bdf\u900a\u4f9b\u804c\u4e8e\u4f26\u6566\u7684\u5723\u4e54\u6cbb\u533b\u5b66\u9662\uff08St.George&#39;s Hospital Medical School\uff09\u7684\u89e3\u5256\u548c\u53d1\u80b2\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u7cfb\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u9a8c\u8bc1\u80da\u80ce\u91cd\u6f14\u8bba\uff0c\u7406\u5bdf\u900a\u548c\u591a\u5bb6\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u5206\u522b\u6765\u81ea\u6cd5\u56fd\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u3001\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u3001\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u7b49\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u6d77\u514b\u5c14 \u5f53\u5e74\u6240\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u79cd\u7cfb\u5916\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6536\u96c6\u66f4\u591a\u79cd\u7cfb\u7684\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u89c2\u5bdf\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u5404\u4e2a\u80da\u80ce\u53d1\u80b2\u671f\u7684\u5f62\u6001\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u5728\u810a\u690e\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u80da\u80ce\u53d1\u80b2\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5916\u5f62\u9ad8\u5ea6\u8fd1\u4f3c\u7684\u65f6 \u671f\uff08There is no highly conserved embryonic stage in the vertebrates\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u7bc7\u8bba\u6587\u53d1\u8868\u57281997\u5e74\u7684<strong>\u300a\u89e3\u5256\u5b66\u548c\u80da\u80ce\u5b66\u300b<\/strong>\u6742\u5fd7\uff08Anatomy &amp; Embryology\uff09\uff0c\u5176\u6700\u7ec8\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<br \/>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n<p>\n\t\t&ldquo;\u8fd1\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u4e00\u76f4\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u810a\u690e\u52a8\u7269\u5728\u67d0\u4e2a\u65f6\u671f\u5927\u5c0f\u76f8\u540c\u3002\u4e0e\u6b64\u8bba\u70b9\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u5728\u5c3e\u82bd\u671f\uff0c\u810a\u690e\u52a8\u7269\u80da\u80ce\u7684\u6700\u957f\u5f84\u6709\u5341\u500d\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e25\u91cd\u524a\u5f31\u4e86\u6d77\u514b\u5c14\u56fe\u5f62\u7684\u53ef\u4fe1\u6027\uff0c\u6d77\u514b\u5c14\u56fe\u5f62\u4e0e\u5176\u8bf4\u662f\u663e\u793a\u810a\u690e\u52a8\u7269\u80da\u80ce\u53d1\u80b2\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e2a\u76f8\u4f3c\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u4e0d\u5982\u8bf4\u662f\u6309\u56fa\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u80da\u80ce\u3002&rdquo;\n\t<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\t\uff08Contrary to recent claims that all vertebrate embryos pass through a stage when they are the same size\uff0cwe find a greater than 10-fold variation in greatest length at the tailbud stage. Our survey seriously undermines the credibility of Haeckel&#39;s drawings\uff0cwhich depicts not a conserved stage for vertebrates\uff0cbut a stylised amniote embryo.\uff09\n\t<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\t\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6d77\u514b\u5c14\u548c\u7406\u5bdf\u900a\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u7ed3\u8bba\u5dee\u5f02\u5982\u6b64\u4e4b\u5927\u5462\uff1f\u539f\u6765\uff0c\u6d77\u514b\u5c14<strong>\u6709\u610f\u9009\u62e9<\/strong>\u5f62\u6001\u4e0a\u6bd4\u8f83\u76f8\u8fd1\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u80da\u80ce\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u4ed6\u7528\u6c34\u751f\u7684\u877e\u8788\u4ee3\u8868\u4e24\u897f\u6816\u7c7b\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u7528\u9752\u86d9\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u877e\u8788\u672c\u8eab\u66f4\u8c61\u9c7c\u3002\u53c8\u5982\u65e9\u671f\u9e21\u7684\u80da\u80ce\u5176\u773c\u7403\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u8272\u7d20\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u6d77\u514b\u5c14\u628a\u5b83<strong>\u6d82\u9ed1<\/strong>\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u9e21\u7684\u80da\u80ce\u548c\u5176\u5b83\u52a8\u7269\u80da\u80ce\u66f4\u76f8\u4f3c\u3002\u6d77\u514b\u5c14\u7279\u522b\u5bf9\u4eba\u7684\u80da\u80ce\u56fe\u4f5c\u4e86<strong>\u827a\u672f\u52a0\u5de5<\/strong>\uff0c\u53bb\u6389\u4e86\u4eba\u80da\u80ce\u7684\u5185\u810f\u90e8\u5206\u548c\u817f\uff0c\u5c31\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u5c3e\u5df4\uff0c\u7c7b\u4f3c\u9c7c\u7684\u80da\u80ce\u3002\n\t<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n\t\u8fd9\u53c8\u600e\u4e48\u6837\u5462\uff1f\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u4eba\u6050\u6015\u5f88\u96be\u60f3\u8c61\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8c2c\u8bef\u6240\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u540e\u679c\uff0c\u5f53\u5e74\u5b83\u5bf9\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u6709\u591a\u5927\u7684\u652f\u6301\u3002<br \/>\n\t&nbsp;<br \/>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n\tR.B.Goldschmidt \u5728<strong>\u300a\u52a8\u7269\u5b66\u7684\u9ec4\u91d1\u65f6\u4ee3\u300b<\/strong>\uff08The Golden Age of Zoology\uff09\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\u8bf4\uff0c&ldquo;\u73b0\u4ee3\u4eba\u5f88\u96be\u60f3\u8c61\uff0c\u4ed6\uff08\u6d77\u514b\u5c14\uff09\u5728\u4ed6\u90a3\u4e2a\u65f6\u4ee3\u6240\u53d1\u6325\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u662f\u8fdc\u8d85\u51fa\u4ed6\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0a\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u6210\u679c&#8230;&#8230;\u6d77\u514b\u5c14\u4fe1\u624b\u4e00\u6325\uff0c\u4f7f\u81ea\u7136\u589e\u8272\uff0c\u753b\u7b14\u6240\u53ca\u8fdc\u8d85\u5176\u6240\u89c1&#8230;&#8230;\uff08\u89c2\u5176\u56fe\u5f62\uff09\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u5370\u8c61\u662f\uff0c\u4ed6\uff08\u6d77\u514b\u5c14\uff09\u5148\u5c31\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u753b\u4e86\u4e2a\u8349\u56fe\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u53c8\u6839\u636e\u4ed6\u5fc3\u4e2d\u6240\u770b\u89c1\u7684\u753b\u4e86\u4e00\u5f20\u7406\u60f3\u7684 \uff08\u80da\u80ce\uff09\u56fe\u3002&rdquo;(The present generation cannot imagine the role he played in his time\uff0cfar beyond his actual scientific performance. Haeckel&#39;s easy hand at drawing made him improve on nature and put more into the illustrations than he saw &#8230;one had the impression that he first made a sketch from nature and then drew an ideal picture as he saw it in his mind.)<br \/>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n\t2<strong style=\"font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6;\">\u7528\u8fdb\u5e9f\u9000<\/strong><br \/>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n\t\u957f\u9888\u9e7f\u662f\u60f9\u4eba\u559c\u7231\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u5374\u4f1a\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u957f\u9888\u9e7f\u7684\u9888\u90e8\u90a3\u4e48\u957f\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5b83\u4e0e\u8eab\u4f53\u4e0d\u6210\u6bd4\u4f8b\u3002\u6839\u636e\u5316\u77f3\u8bc1\u636e\uff0c\u76f8\u5bf9\u73b0\u4ee3\u7684\u957f\u9888\u9e7f\u9996\u5148\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u4e00\u767e\u4e07\u5e74\u524d\u7684\u975e\u6d32\u8349\u539f\uff0c\u636e\u4fe1\u5b83\u7684\u7956\u5148\u662f\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u4e8c\u3001\u4e09\u5343\u4e07\u5e74\u524d\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u77ee\u9e7f\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u73af\u5883\u7684\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u8d56\u4ee5\u751f\u5b58\u7684\u5730\u4e0a\u7684\u8349\u548c\u77ee\u5c0f\u7684\u704c\u6728\u4e1b\u51cf\u5c11\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u77ee\u9e7f\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u4f38\u957f\u9888\u90e8\uff0c \u5403\u9ad8\u5904\u7684\u6811\u53f6\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u9888\u90e8\u5f97\u5230\u953b\u70bc\uff0c\u9888\u90e8\u6bd4\u8f83\u957f\u7684\u9e7f\u5728\u751f\u5b58\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u5360\u636e\u4f18\u52bf\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8fd9\u4e2a\u540e\u5929\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u751f\u7269\u6027\u72b6\u9057\u4f20\u7ed9\u4e86\u5b50\u4ee3\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u7ecf\u8fc7\u5343\u4e07\u5e74\u6f2b\u957f\u800c\u7f13\u6162\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u77ee\u9e7f\u5c31\u8fdb\u5316\u6210\u4e86\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u957f\u9888\u9e7f\u3002<br \/>\n\t<img data-ratio=\"0.71484375\" data-s=\"300,640\" data-src=\"http:\/\/mmbiz.qpic.cn\/mmbiz\/ouWGcHBOUcOyHyzP36xUTssibrHj42m54ofYHu4XlBvtmGuoRJFFtqfY0YNOwdBXCgMkashNNZePRfIJVGabr6g\/0?wx_fmt=jpeg\" data-type=\"jpeg\" data-w=\"512\" src=\"http:\/\/mmbiz.qpic.cn\/mmbiz\/ouWGcHBOUcOyHyzP36xUTssibrHj42m54ofYHu4XlBvtmGuoRJFFtqfY0YNOwdBXCgMkashNNZePRfIJVGabr6g\/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1\" \/><br \/>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n\t&nbsp;<br \/>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n\t\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7406\u8bba\u53eb\u505a<strong>&ldquo;\u7528\u8fdb\u5e9f\u9000&rdquo;<\/strong>\uff08The Principle of Use and Disuse\uff09\u3002\u662f\u7531\u6cd5\u56fd\u4eba\u62c9\u9a6c\u514b\uff08Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet de Lamarck\uff0c1744-1829\uff09\u63d0\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u3002\u867d\u7136\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u8bc1\u636e\u5e76\u4e0d\u652f\u6301\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u90a3\u4e2a\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e8e\u65b0\u601d\u60f3\u65b0\u89c2\u70b9\u7684\u6e34\u6c42\u6df9\u6ca1\u4e86\u5bf9\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u4e25\u8c28\u6001\u5ea6\u3002\u6700\u660e\u663e\u7684\u53cd\u9762\u8bc1\u636e\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u65f1\u5b63\u98df\u7269\u6700\u7f3a\u4e4f\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u957f\u9888\u9e7f\u901a\u5e38\u5403\u4f4e\u77ee\u7684\u704c\u6728\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5403\u9ad8\u5904\u7684\u6811\u53f6\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff0c\u957f\u9888\u9e7f\u7684\u9888\u90e8\u4f38\u957f\u4e86\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8eab\u4f53\u5176\u5b83\u90e8\u4f4d\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u76f8 \u5e94\u6210\u6bd4\u4f8b\u7684\u4f38\u957f\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u817f\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff0c\u957f\u9888\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u83b7\u53d6\u98df\u7269\u65f6\u6709\u4f18\u52bf\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u522b\u7684\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5374\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u751f\u5b58\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u5f62\u6210\u52a3\u52bf\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u957f\u9888\u9e7f\u9700\u8981\u589e\u52a0\u8840\u538b\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fdd\u8bc1\u5934\u90e8\u7684\u8840\u6db2\u4f9b\u5e94\uff0c\u8fd9\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5fc3\u810f\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u8981\u6c42\u589e\u52a0\uff1b\u957f\u9888\u53ef\u80fd\u9020\u6210\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e0d\u4fbf\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u957f\u9888\u9e7f\u5bb9\u6613\u6210\u4e3a\u51f6\u731b\u7684\u8089\u98df\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u730e\u7269\uff1b\u957f\u9888\u53ef\u80fd\u9020\u6210\u996e\u6c34\u4e0d\u4fbf\uff0c\u5f71\u54cd\u957f\u9888\u9e7f\u5728\u5e72\u65f1\u5b63\u8282\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u8fdb\u5316\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e0d\u518d\u8bb2\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7406\u8bba\u4e86\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5f53\u5e74\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7406\u8bba\u542f\u53d1\u5e76\u5e2e\u52a9\u4e86\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u3002<br \/>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n\t3<strong style=\"font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6;\">\u98de\u86fe\u7684\u5de5\u4e1a\u9ed1\u5316<\/strong><br \/>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n<p>\n\t\t<img data-ratio=\"0.5553435114503816\" data-s=\"300,640\" data-src=\"http:\/\/mmbiz.qpic.cn\/mmbiz\/ouWGcHBOUcOyHyzP36xUTssibrHj42m54vO98YjjoiaZ4FBBBicqCiaAN8icKnNz0DWYvXicVCbibvG6fyk2koWqxGrHg\/0?wx_fmt=jpeg\" data-type=\"jpeg\" data-w=\"524\" src=\"http:\/\/mmbiz.qpic.cn\/mmbiz\/ouWGcHBOUcOyHyzP36xUTssibrHj42m54vO98YjjoiaZ4FBBBicqCiaAN8icKnNz0DWYvXicVCbibvG6fyk2koWqxGrHg\/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1\" \/><br \/>\n\t\t<strong>&ldquo;\u98de\u86fe\u7684\u5de5\u4e1a\u9ed1\u5316\u73b0\u8c61&rdquo;<\/strong>\uff08Industrial melanism of the pepper moth\uff0cBiston betularia\uff09\u662f\u8fdb\u5316\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u5f0f\u7684\u4f8b\u8bc1\uff0c\u5728\u4eca\u5929\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u9ad8\u4e2d\u6559\u79d1\u4e66\u91cc\u9762\u90fd\u4f1a\u5f15\u7528\uff0c\u4ee5\u6b64\u8bc1\u660e\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u73b0\u8c61\u9996\u5148\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u88ab\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u3002\u5728\u5a01\u5c14\u58eb\u519c\u6751\u7684\u6811\u6797\u91cc\uff0c\u6811\u4e0a\u957f\u6ee1\u6d45\u8272\u7684\u82d4\u85d3\u3002\u5728\u5de5\u4e1a\u9769\u547d\u4ee5\u524d\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u6d45\u8272\u98de\u86fe\uff08f.typica\uff09\uff0c\u7b80\u5355\u79f0\u4f5c\u767d\u8272\u98de\u86fe\uff0c\u5176\u989c\u8272\u63a5\u8fd1\u6811\u76ae\u7684\u989c\u8272\uff0c\u4e0d\u6613\u88ab\u9e1f\u7c7b\u53d1\u73b0\u3002\u5de5\u4e1a\u9769\u547d\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u73af\u5883\u88ab\u6c61\u67d3\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5927\u6c14\u4e2d\u7684\u4e8c\u6c27\u5316\u786b\uff0c\u4f7f\u6811\u4e0a\u7684\u6d45\u8272\u82d4\u85d3\u51cf\u5c11\uff0c\u6811\u76ae\u5448\u6697\u9ed1\u8272\uff0c\u767d\u8272\u98de\u86fe\u5bb9\u6613\u88ab\u9e1f\u7c7b\u53d1\u73b0\u800c\u6355\u98df\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u6df1\u8272\u98de\u86fe \uff08f.carbonaria\uff09\uff0c\u7b80\u5355\u79f0\u4f5c\u9ed1\u8272\u98de\u86fe\u3002\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u9e1f\u53eb\u84dd\u8272\u9ca3\u9e1f\uff08Blue jay\uff09\uff0c\u559c\u98df\u8fd9\u79cd\u86fe\u5b50\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u79cd\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u3002\n\t<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n<p>\n\t\t\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u98de\u86fe\u5de5\u4e1a\u9ed1\u5316\u73b0\u8c61\u662f\u63cf\u8ff0\u82f1\u56fd\u4e00\u79cd\u98de\u86fe\u7531\u4e8e\u5de5\u4e1a\u6c61\u67d3\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u600e\u6837\u4ece\u767d\u8272\u7684\u53d8\u6210\u9ed1\u8272\u7684\uff0c\u5de5\u4e1a\u6c61\u67d3\u7ecf\u8fc7\u6cbb\u7406\u540e\uff0c\u9ed1\u8272\u98de\u86fe\u53c8\u5982\u4f55\u53d8\u6210\u767d\u8272\u98de\u86fe\uff0c\u636e\u6b64\u8bf4\u660e\uff0c\u751f\u7269\u6027\u72b6\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u73af\u5883\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u4e0b\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5f02\uff0c\u63d0\u793a\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9\u5982\u4f55\u4fc3\u6210\u751f\u7269\u8fdb\u5316\u3002\n\t<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\t<img data-ratio=\"0.6526717557251909\" data-s=\"300,640\" data-src=\"http:\/\/mmbiz.qpic.cn\/mmbiz\/ouWGcHBOUcOyHyzP36xUTssibrHj42m544Roib5iaaWzBWCibfbhlibe0FRJhrkGAUhGKyYaiclfqjRBQlhLZVxINWrA\/0?wx_fmt=jpeg\" data-type=\"jpeg\" data-w=\"524\" src=\"http:\/\/mmbiz.qpic.cn\/mmbiz\/ouWGcHBOUcOyHyzP36xUTssibrHj42m544Roib5iaaWzBWCibfbhlibe0FRJhrkGAUhGKyYaiclfqjRBQlhLZVxINWrA\/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&amp;wxfrom=5&amp;wx_lazy=1\" \/>\n\t<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n\t\u98de\u86fe\u7684\u5de5\u4e1a\u9ed1\u5316\u73b0\u8c61:\uff08a\uff09\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u5de5\u4e1a\u6c61\u67d3\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u6811\u5e72\u4e0a\u7684\u9752\u82d4\u4f7f\u5f97\u767d\u8272\u7684\u98de\u86fe\u6bd4\u8f83\u5bb9\u6613\u751f\u5b58\uff1b\uff08b\uff09\u5728\u5de5\u4e1a\u6c61\u67d3\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u6811\u5e72\u989c\u8272\u53d1\u9ed1\uff0c\u9ed1\u8272\u7684\u98de\u86fe\u6bd4\u8f83\u5bb9\u6613\u751f\u5b58\u3002<br \/>\n\t&nbsp;<br \/>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n\t\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e94\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u6606\u866b\u5b66\u5bb6Bernard H.Kettlewell\u505a\u4e86\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u767d\u8272\u548c\u9ed1\u8272\u98de\u86fe\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u53d7\u73af\u5883\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u79cd\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9\u6070\u6070\u5c31\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u6811\u4e0a\u82d4\u85d3\u7684\u989c\u8272\u548c\u84dd\u8272\u9ca3\u9e1f\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u3002\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728Birmingham\u9644\u8fd1\u7684Rubery\u653e\u98de\u4e00\u5b9a\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u767d\u8272\u6216\u9ed1\u8272\u98de\u86fe\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u518d\u53bb\u4eba\u5de5\u6355\u6349\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u5728Birmingham\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5de5\u4e1a\u6c61\u67d3\u533a\uff0c\u767d\u8272\u98de\u86fe\u8f83\u96be\u751f\u5b58\u3002Kettlewell\u53c8\u5728Dorset\u9644\u8fd1\u7684Deanend\u91cd\u590d\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u5728Dorset\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u975e\u5de5\u4e1a\u6c61\u67d3\u533a\uff0c\u9ed1\u8272\u98de\u86fe\u8f83\u96be\u751f\u5b58\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5c06\u4e24\u79cd\u98de\u86fe\u540c\u65f6\u653e\u98de\u540e\uff0c\u4eba\u8eb2\u5728\u7279\u5236\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u7bb1\u5185\u7528\u671b\u8fdc\u955c\u89c2\u5bdf\u84dd\u8272\u9ca3\u9e1f\u5bf9\u98de\u86fe\u7684\u6355\u98df\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u5728\u6c61\u67d3\u533a\uff0c\u9e1f\u7c7b\u5403\u8f83\u591a\u7684\u767d\u8272\u98de\u86fe\uff1b\u800c\u5728\u975e\u6c61\u67d3\u533a\uff0c\u9e1f\u7c7b\u5403\u8f83\u591a\u7684\u9ed1\u8272 \u98de\u86fe\u3002\u636e\u6b64\uff0cKettlewell\u5c31\u5f97\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ed3\u8bba\uff1a\u98de\u86fe\u7684\u5de5\u4e1a\u9ed1\u5316\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u6811\u76ae\u4e0a\u7684\u82d4\u85d3\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u989c\u8272\u4fdd\u62a4\uff0c\u548c\u9e1f\u7c7b\u9009\u62e9\u6027\u6355\u98df\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002<br \/>\n\t&nbsp;<br \/>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n\t\u4e25\u683c\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b9e\u9a8c\u662f\u6709\u7f3a\u9677\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u98de\u86fe\u653e\u51fa\u53bb\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u5f88\u96be\u63a7\u5236\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u53bb\u5411\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u6355\u5230\u7684\u98de\u86fe\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u88ab\u9e1f\u6355\u98df\u4e86\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b9e\u9a8c\u8fd8\u662f\u5f88\u80fd\u652f\u6301Kettlewell\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u3002<br \/>\n\t&nbsp;<br \/>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n\t&nbsp;<br \/>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n\t\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u4ee5\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e3a\u6a2a\u8f74\uff0c\u7eb5\u8f74\u4e3a\u767d\u8272\u98de\u86fe\u6216\u9ed1\u8272\u98de\u86fe\u7684\u767e\u5206\u6bd4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u98de\u86fe\u7684\u989c\u8272\u548c\u5de5\u4e1a\u6c61\u67d3\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u5f52\u7eb3\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u7406\u8bba\u6a21\u578b\uff1a\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u5de5\u4e1a\u6c61\u67d3\u7684\u73af\u5883\u91cc\uff0c\u98de\u86fe\u90fd\u662f\u767d\u8272\u7684\u3002\u968f\u8457\u5de5\u4e1a\u6c61\u67d3\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u6811\u4e0a\u7684\u6d45\u8272\u82d4\u85d3\u51cf\u5c11\uff0c\u6811\u76ae\u989c\u8272\u53d1\u6697\uff0c\u51fa\u73b0\u9ed1\u8272\u98de\u86fe\u3002\u767d\u8272\u98de\u86fe\u6bd4\u8f83\u5bb9\u6613\u88ab\u9e1f\u7c7b\u8bc6\u522b\uff0c \u800c\u88ab\u6355\u98df\u3002\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u63a8\u79fb\uff0c\u5269\u4e0b\u7684\u98de\u86fe\u5927\u591a\u4e3a\u9ed1\u8272\u98de\u86fe\u3002\u968f\u8457\u73af\u5883\u7684\u6539\u5584\uff0c\u6811\u4e0a\u6d45\u8272\u82d4\u85d3\u91cd\u65b0\u957f\u51fa\uff0c\u66f4\u9002\u5408\u767d\u8272\u98de\u86fe\u7684\u9690\u85cf\u3002\u9e1f\u7c7b\u6bd4\u8f83\u5bb9\u6613\u6355\u98df\u9ed1\u8272\u98de\u86fe\uff0c\u5269\u4e0b\u7684 \u98de\u86fe\u5927\u591a\u4e3a\u767d\u8272\u98de\u86fe\u3002<br \/>\n\t&nbsp;<br \/>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n<p>\n\t\t\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u4e00\u76f4\u9650\u4e8eLiverpool\u548cWales\uff0c\u5f53\u4eba\u4eec\u6765\u7814\u7a76\u82f1\u56fd\u5176\u5b83\u5730\u533a\u548c\u6b27\u6d32\u65f6\uff0c\u5c31\u53d1\u73b0Kettlewell\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u6a21\u578b\u65e0\u6cd5\u89e3\u91ca\u5f88\u591a\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5de5\u4e1a\u57ce\u5e02Manchester\u5468\u56f4\u767d\u8272\u98de\u86fe\u4e0d\u706d\u7edd\uff1f\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48East Anglia\u519c\u6751\u9ed1\u8272\u98de\u86fe\u536080%\uff1f\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u73af\u5883\u6539\u5584\u540e\uff0c\u4f26\u6566\uff08\u5317\u7eac52\u5ea6\uff09\u4ee5\u5317\u9ed1\u8272\u98de\u86fe\u51cf\u5c11\uff0c\u4f46\u5317\u7eac52\u5ea6\u4ee5\u5357\u9ed1\u8272\u98de\u86fe\u5374\u589e\u52a0\uff1f\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48Wirral\u534a\u5c9b\u6811\u5e72\u4e0a\u7684\u82d4\u85d3\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u6062\u590d\uff0c\u767d\u8272\u98de\u86fe\u5c31\u5df2\u7ecf\u589e\u52a0\uff1f\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8377\u5170\u5728\u9ed1\u8272\u98de\u86fe\u51cf\u5c11\uff0c\u767d\u8272\u98de\u86fe\u589e\u52a0\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u51fa\u73b0\u4e00\u79cd\u7070\u8272\u98de\u86fe\uff1f\u95ee\u9898\u51fa\u5728Kettlewell\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002Kettlewell\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\uff0c\u767d\u5929\u5c06\u4e00\u5b9a\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u98de\u86fe\u653e\u98de\u5230\u91ce\u5916\uff0c\u5230\u665a\u4e0a\u518d\u6765\u6355\u6349\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u7528\u671b\u8fdc\u955c\u76d1\u89c6\uff0c\u6765\u89c2\u5bdf\u98de\u9e1f\u5bf9\u767d\u8272\u3001\u9ed1\u8272\u98de\u86fe\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u6027\u6355\u98df\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\u4ed6\u72af\u4e86\u4ec0\u4e48\u9519\u8bef\u5462\uff1f\u767d\u5929\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u98de\u86fe\u90fd\u5728\u660f\u7761\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u653e\u98de\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5927\u591a\u843d\u5728\u6811\u5e72\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ee5\u6811\u5e72\u4e3a\u80cc\u666f\uff0c\u767d\u8272\u98de\u86fe\u548c\u9ed1\u8272\u98de\u86fe\u7684\u989c\u8272\u5dee\u522b\u4e00\u76ee\u4e86\u7136\uff0c\u9e1f\u7c7b\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u9009\u62e9\u6027\u6355\u98df\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u91ce\u751f\u72b6\u6001\u4e0b\u7684\u98de\u86fe\u6816\u606f\u5728\u6811\u836b\u4e0b\u7684\u5c0f\u6811\u679d\u4e0b\u9762\uff0c\u767d\u8272\u98de\u86fe\u548c\u9ed1\u8272\u98de\u86fe\u7684\u989c\u8272\u5dee\u522b\u5e76\u4e0d\u5f3a\u70c8\uff0c\u9e1f\u7c7b\u6355\u98df\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u9009\u62e9\u6027\u4e5f\u5c31\u4e0d\u5f3a\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e5d\u516b\u5e74\u7684<strong>\u300a\u8fdb\u5316\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u300b<\/strong>\u6742\u5fd7\u4e0a\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u7bc7\u7efc\u8ff0\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u91cd\u65b0\u68c0\u8ba8\u81ea\u7136\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u5173\u4e8e\u5de5\u4e1a\u9ed1\u5316\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u5f97\u51fa\u7ed3\u8bba\u8bf4\uff1a\n\t<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\t&ldquo;\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u76ee\u524d\u6ca1\u6709\u4ee4\u4eba\u4fe1\u670d\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u4e25\u683c\u5e76\u4e14\u53ef\u91cd\u590d\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u548c\u5b9e\u9a8c-\u6765\u652f\u6301\u8fd9\u79cd\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5efa\u8bae\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u66f4\u591a\u6ce8\u610f\u5178\u578b\uff08\u767d\u8272\uff09\u548c\u9ed1\u8272\u98de\u86fe\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6210\u866b\u7684\u7740\u8272\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff1b\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5176\u5b83\u7684\u5047\u8bf4\uff0c\u5e76\u52a0\u4ee5\u8bba\u8bc1\u3002&rdquo;\n\t<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\t\uff08We contend\uff0chowever\uff0cthat there is little persuasive evidence\uff0cin the form of rigorous and replicated observations and experiments\uff0cto support this explanation at the present time. We suggest that more attention be directed to assessing ways in which typical and melanic morphs differ\uff0cother than in adult coloration\uff0cand to devising and testing alternative hypotheses.\uff09\n\t<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\t&nbsp;\n\t<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\t\u81f3\u6b64\uff0c\u89e3\u91ca\u98de\u86fe\u5de5\u4e1a\u9ed1\u5316\u73b0\u8c61\u7684Kettlewell\u7406\u8bba\u88ab\u5b8c\u5168\u5426\u5b9a\u3002\n\t<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n\t\u4e8c&nbsp;<span style=\"font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6;\">\u5fae\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u548c\u5e7f\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba<\/span><br \/>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n\t\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u5173\u952e\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff0c\u767d\u8272\u98de\u86fe\u548c\u9ed1\u8272\u98de\u86fe\u6709\u989c\u8272\u4e4b\u5206\uff0c\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u4e0a\u79f0\u4e3a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6027\u72b6\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ecd\u65e7\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u79cd\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u8fd9\u79cd\u989c\u8272\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u79f0\u4e3a<strong>\u79cd\u5185\u53d8\u5f02<\/strong>\u3002\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ec0\u4e48\u53eb\u505a\u79cd\u5462\uff1f\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u7eaa\u6cd5\u56fd\u4eba\u6797\u8010\uff08Carl von Linn?\u6216 Carolus Linnaeus\uff0c1707-1778\uff09\u53d1\u660e\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u751f\u7269\u5206\u7c7b\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5c06\u6240\u6709\u7684\u751f\u7269\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u52a8\u7269\u3001\u690d\u7269\u3001\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u5747\u6309\u7167<strong>\u754c\u3001\u95e8\u3001\u7eb2\u3001\u76ee\u3001\u79d1\u3001\u5c5e\u3001\u79cd<\/strong>\u7684\u5c42\u6b21\uff0c\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u7c7b(\u56fe\u5341\u4e00)\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u4eba\uff0c\u5728\u751f\u7269\u5206\u7c7b\u5b66\u4e0a\uff0c\u79f0\u4f5c\u52a8\u7269\u754c\u3001\u810a\u7d22\u52a8\u7269\u95e8\u3001\u54fa\u4e73\u52a8\u7269\u7eb2\u3001\u539f\u957f\u76ee\u3001\u4eba\u79d1\u3001\u4eba\u5c5e\u3001\u4eba\u79cd\u3002\u5728\u81ea\u7136\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u6240\u6709\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u4e2d\uff0c<strong>\u4ece\u6765\u6ca1\u6709\u79cd\u95f4\u53d8\u5f02\u7684\u4f8b\u8bc1<\/strong>\uff0c\u5373\u4e00\u4e2a\u79cd\u5728\u73af\u5883\u5f71\u54cd\u4e0b\u6210\u4e3a\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u79cd\u3002\u6240\u6709\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u90fd\u662f\u79cd\u5185\u53d8\u5f02\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u91d1\u9c7c\u662f\u4ece\u9ca4\u9c7c\u53d8\u5f02\u800c\u6765\uff0c\u7ecf\u8fc7\u6f2b\u957f\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u7b5b\u9009\uff0c\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u4eca\u5929\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e0e\u9ca4\u9c7c\u4e0d \u540c\u7684\u751f\u7269\u6027\u72b6\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u6700\u81f4\u547d\u7684\u5f31\u70b9\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u4ece\u6765\u6ca1\u6709\u76f4\u63a5\u8bc1\u636e\u663e\u793a\u79cd\u95f4\u53d8\u5f02\u3002<br \/>\n\t&nbsp;<br \/>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n\t&nbsp;<br \/>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n\t\u6211\u4eec\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u662f\u4ece\u5bf9\u81ea\u7136\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u7ecf\u8fc7\u53cd\u590d\u5f52\u7eb3\u3001\u6f14\u7ece\u3001\u6c42\u8bc1\u7b49\u6b65\u9aa4\uff0c\u603b\u7ed3\u51fa\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u89c4\u5f8b\u3002\u524d\u9762\u5df2\u7ecf\u63d0\u5230\uff0c\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u89c2\u5bdf\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u73b0\u8c61\u6709\u4e24\u65b9\u9762\uff0cGalapagos\u7fa4\u5c9b\u9e1f\u7c7b\u53d7\u73af\u5883\u5f71\u54cd\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u3002<br \/>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n\t\u4e09<span style=\"font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6;\">\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u7684\u96be\u5904<\/span><br \/>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n\t1<strong style=\"font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6;\">\u9002\u5e94\u73af\u5883\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u8fdb\u5316<\/strong><br \/>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n\t\u5982\u524d\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u63cf\u8ff0\u79cd\u5185\u53d8\u5f02\u7684&ldquo;\u5fae\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba&rdquo;\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u4e89\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u662f\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u6240\u4e00\u81f4\u8ba4\u540c\u7684\u3002\u524d\u8ff0\u6240\u6709\u652f\u6301\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u90fd\u662f\u652f\u6301<strong>&ldquo;\u5fae\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba&rdquo;<\/strong>\u3002\u4e0d\u8981\u8bf4\u5728\u751f\u7269\u754c\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e5f\u53d7\u5468\u56f4\u73af\u5883\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u800c\u53d1\u751f\u67d0\u79cd\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u7956\u7956\u8f88\u8f88\u4f4f\u5728\u5730\u7403\u8d64\u9053\u9644\u8fd1\u7684\u4eba\u80a4\u8272\u5c31\u6bd4\u8f83\u9ed1\uff0c\u800c\u8fdc\u79bb\u8d64\u9053\u7684\u4eba\u80a4\u8272\u5c31\u6bd4\u8f83\u767d\u3002\u4f46\u4e0d\u8bba\u662f\u767d\u79cd\u4eba\u3001\u9ed1\u79cd\u4eba\uff0c\u6216\u9ec4\u79cd \u4eba\u90fd\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u4eba\u3002\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u547d\u662f\u5728\u4eba\u7684\u8840\u6db2\u91cc\uff0c\u800c\u4eba\u7684\u8840\u8109\u662f\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u3002\u767d\u4eba\u7684\u8840\u53ef\u4ee5\u8f93\u7ed9\u9ed1\u4eba\uff0c\u9ed1\u4eba\u7684\u8840\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8f93\u7ed9\u9ec4\u79cd\u4eba\u3002\u4f46\u4f60\u82e5\u628a\u7334\u5b50\u7684\u8840\u8f93\u5230\u4eba\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\uff0c\u4eba\u9a6c\u4e0a\u4f1a\u75c9\u631b\u800c\u6b7b\u4ea1\u3002<br \/>\n\t&nbsp;<br \/>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n\t&nbsp;<br \/>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n\t\u751f\u7269\u53d7\u73af\u5883\u5f71\u54cd\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u67d0\u79cd\u7684\u53d8\u5f02\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u8fd9\u79cd\u53d8\u5f02\u5e76\u4e0d\u4ea7\u751f\u65b0\u7684\u7269\u79cd\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u524d\u9762\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0c\u6b8b\u5b58\u7684\u9ed1\u8272\u98de\u86fe\u5e76\u672a\u53d8\u6210\u4e00\u79cd\u4e0d\u662f\u98de\u86fe\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u4e3a\u9ad8\u7b49\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u4ecd\u662f\u539f\u6765\u65cf\u7fa4\u4e2d\u7684\u98de\u86fe\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bc1\u636e\u53ea\u80fd\u8bf4\u660e&ldquo;\u9002\u8005\u751f\u5b58&rdquo;\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u800c\u4e1d\u6beb\u4e0d\u80fd\u7528\u6765\u5f15\u8bc1\u751f\u7269\u80fd\u591f\u4ea7\u751f\u66f4\u9ad8\u7b49\u7684\u8fdb\u5316\u3002<br \/>\n\t&nbsp;<br \/>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n\t&nbsp;<br \/>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n\t&ldquo;\u7269\u7ade\u5929\u62e9\uff0c\u9002\u8005\u751f\u5b58&rdquo;\u662f\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u7ecf\u8fc7\u73af\u5883\u9009\u62e9\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u9002\u8005\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u4ea7\u751f\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u8fdb\u5316\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u6240\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u7684\uff0c\u4e43\u662f\u751f\u7269\u5bf9\u6240\u5904\u7684\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u9ad8\u5ea6 \u7684\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u3002\u81ea\u7136\u6dd8\u6c70\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u4fdd\u5b58\u4e86\u751f\u7269\u7684\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u800c\u5df2\u3002\u5c31\u5982Morris and Parker\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\uff1a&ldquo;\u5929\u62e9\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u5e26\u6765\u8fde\u7eed\u7684\u6539\u826f\uff0c\u5982\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u8fc7\u4fdd\u6301\u751f\u7269\u4f53\u539f\u6709\u7684\u7279\u8272\u7f62\u4e86\u3002&rdquo;<br \/>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n\t&nbsp;<br \/>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n\t&nbsp;<br \/>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n\t&nbsp;<br \/>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n\t&nbsp;<br \/>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n\t2<strong style=\"font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6;\">\u5e7f\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u662f\u672a\u88ab\u8bc1\u5b9e\u7684\u5047\u8bf4<\/strong><br \/>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n\t&nbsp;<br \/>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n\t&nbsp;<br \/>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n\t&nbsp;<br \/>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n\t\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587&ldquo;\u9002\u8005\u751f\u5b58&rdquo;\u7684\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u89e3\u91ca\u751f\u7269\u5bf9\u73af\u5883\u7684\u6539\u53d8\u6240\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4ed6\u628a&ldquo;\u751f\u7269\u7684\u9002\u5e94&rdquo;\u4e0e&ldquo;\u8fdb\u5316&rdquo;\u8054\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u628a\u79cd\u5185\u6709\u9650\u7684\u53d8\u5f02\uff0c\u65e0\u9650\u63a8\u5e7f\u5230\u8de8\u79cd\u95f4\u751f\u7269\u7684\u53d8\u5f02\uff0c\u800c\u63d0\u51fa\u7684<strong>&ldquo;\u5e7f\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba&rdquo;<\/strong>\u6216<strong>&ldquo;\u81ea\u7136\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba&rdquo;<\/strong>\u5219\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u4e8b\u5b9e\u6839\u636e\u7684\u5047\u8bf4\u3002<br \/>\n\t&nbsp;<br \/>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n\t&nbsp;<br 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\u56f4\u4ee5\u5185\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u4ee5\u5916\uff0c\u539f\u6709\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u65b9\u7a0b\u53ef\u80fd\u65e0\u6548\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u8303\u56f4\u4ee5\u5185\uff0c\u8be5\u65b9\u7a0b\u6216\u89c4\u5f8b\u662f\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u6b64\u8303\u56f4\u4ee5\u5916\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u5047\u8bbe\u539f\u6709\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u65b9\u7a0b\u53ef\u80fd\u6210 \u7acb\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u672a\u7ecf\u7cbe\u786e\u8bc1\u660e\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5b83\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u4e8b\u5b9e\u3002<br \/>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n\t&nbsp;<br \/>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n\t&nbsp;<br \/>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n\t&nbsp;<br \/>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n\t&nbsp;<br \/>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n\t3<strong style=\"font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6;\">\u8fdb\u5316\u5047\u8bf4\u65e0\u6cd5\u7528\u79d1\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bc1\u5b9e<\/strong><br \/>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n\t&nbsp;<br \/>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n\t&nbsp;<br \/>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n\t&nbsp;<br \/>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n\t\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0a\uff0c\u5047\u8bf4\u7ecf\u8fc7\u5927\u91cf\u4e8b\u5b9e\u8bc1\u660e\u4e4b\u540e\u65b9\u80fd\u4e0a\u5347\u4e3a\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u5728\u5927\u91cf\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e2d\uff0c\u82e5\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u9879\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0e\u5047\u8bf4\u63a8\u8bba\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u4e0d\u7b26\uff0c\u5219\u5047\u8bf4\u5c31\u4e0d\u6210\u7acb\u3002<strong>&ldquo;\u5e7f\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba&rdquo;\u6216&ldquo;\u81ea\u7136\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba&rdquo;\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5047\u8bf4\u3002<\/strong>\u800c\u8fd9\u4e00\u5047\u8bf4\u5219\u662f\u4e0d\u80fd\u7528\u79d1\u5b66\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6765\u52a0\u4ee5\u8bc1\u660e\u7684\u3002\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5462\uff1f\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u82e5\u8981\u4ee5\u5b9e\u9a8c\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u6570\u4ee5\u4e07\u8ba1\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u548c\u690d\u7269\uff0c\u7ecf\u8fc7\u6570\u4e07\u5e74\u7684\u89c2\u5bdf\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u8fdb\u5316\u7684\u5047\u8bf4\u4e2d\uff0c\u6f2b\u957f\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u751f\u7269\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u73af\u5883\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u7b49\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u6216\u7f3a\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6240\u9700\u8981\u7684\u72b6\u51b5\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u90fd\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002\u65f6\u95f4\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u6f2b\u957f\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u4e3b\u5f20\u751f\u7269\u7684\u8fdb\u5316\u662f\u9010\u6b65\u53d8\u5f02\uff08fluctuating variations\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u975e\u7a81\u7136\u7684\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7f13\u6162\u3001\u7ecf\u5e74\u7d2f\u6708\u800c\u5f62\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u5176\u65f6\u95f4\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u6570\u4e07\u5e74\u3001\u751a\u6216\u6570\u767e\u3001\u6570\u5343\u4e07\u5e74\u3002\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u751f\u7269\u4e43\u662f\u65b0\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u4e3b\u5f20<strong>&ldquo;\u65cf\u7fa4\u6f14\u5316&rdquo;<\/strong>\u4e4b\u6545\u3002\u81ea\u7136\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u4e5f\u5e38\u662f\u975e\u4eba\u4e3a\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u6240\u80fd\u63a7\u5236\u3002\u603b\u7684\u8bf4\u6765\uff0c\u56f0\u96be\u4e4b\u5927\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u65f6\u95f4\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u4e43\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u8fbe\u5230\u7684\u3002<br \/>\n\t&nbsp;<br \/>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n\t&nbsp;<br \/>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n\t\u73b0\u4efb\u60e0\u6566\u5b66\u9662\u751f\u7269\u7cfb\u526f\u6559\u6388\u7684<strong>\u6f58\u67cf\u6ed4<\/strong>\u535a\u58eb\uff08Pattle P.T.Pun\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u5176\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\u5bf9\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u6709\u4ee5\u4e0b\u8bc4\u8ff0\uff1a&ldquo;\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u5b66\u8005\u6240\u5f3a\u8c03\u5404\u751f\u7269\u90fd\u662f\u7531\u540c\u4e00\u7956\u5148\u8fdb\u5316\u800c\u6765\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u5b9e\u5728\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u5148\u5165\u4e3a\u4e3b\u7684\u5927\u524d\u63d0\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ecf\u7531\u5b9e\u9a8c\u8bc1\u660e\u6216\u63a8\u7ffb\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u3002&rdquo;&#8230;&#8230;&ldquo;\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u65e2\u7136\u4e0d\u80fd\u7528\u79d1\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u5b9e\u5728\u5df2\u8d85\u51fa\u4e86\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u8303\u7574\u3002&rdquo;<br \/>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n\t&nbsp;<br \/>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n\t&nbsp;<br \/>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n\t&nbsp;<br \/>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n\t&nbsp;<br \/>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n\t4<strong style=\"font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6;\">\u7a81\u53d8\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u95ee\u9898<\/strong><br \/>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n\t&nbsp;<br \/>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n\t&nbsp;<br \/>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n\t&nbsp;<br \/>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n\t\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0a\u8fd8\u6709\u5176\u5b83\u8bb8\u591a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6bd4\u65b9\u8bf4\uff0c<strong>\u7a81\u53d8\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u95ee\u9898<\/strong>\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u590d\u6742\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u8fdb\u5316\u7a76\u7adf\u662f\u5fae\u5c0f\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u7d2f\u79ef\uff0c\u5373\u6240\u8c13\u5fae\u7a81\u53d8\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u7a81\u7136\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u6027\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u5373\u6240\u8c13\u7cfb 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\/>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n\t&nbsp;<br \/>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n\t\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u96be\u9898\u662f<strong>\u5316\u77f3\u7684\u95ee\u9898<\/strong>\u3002\u6309\u7167\u81ea\u7136\u8fdb\u5316\u5047\u8bf4\u63a8\u6d4b\uff0c\u5316\u77f3\u4e2d\u5e94\u8be5\u6709\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u4e2d\u95f4\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u4ee5\u663e\u793a\u5f53\u5e74\u8fdb\u5316\u7684\u75d5\u8ff9\u3002\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u7269\u79cd\u5e94\u8be5\u4ece\u5c11\u91cf\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u968f\u7a81\u53d8\u7684\u53d1\u751f\uff0c\u7269\u79cd\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u4e30\u5bcc\uff0c\u53c8\u501f\u7740\u81ea\u7136\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u7269\u79cd\u53c8\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5c11\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u5374\u6070\u6070\u76f8\u53cd\u3002\u5316\u77f3\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u7f3a\u73af\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u751f\u7269\u79cd\u8868\u73b0\u505c\u6ede\u4e0d\u53d8\uff0c\u7a81\u7136\u540c\u65f6\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u6216\u7a81\u7136\u6d88\u706d\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u52a0\u62ff\u5927 \u54e5\u4f26\u6bd4\u4e9a\u7701\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u4f2f\u57fa\u65af\uff08Burgess Shale of British Columbia\uff09\u52a8\u7269\u7fa4\uff0c\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u5f17\u6797\u65af\u5fb7\u5c71\u8109\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u57c3\u8fea\u5361\u62c9\uff08Ediacarans\uff09\u52a8\u7269\u7fa4\uff0c\u4e00\u4e5d\u4e5d\u4e94\u5e74\u4e03\u6708\u5341\u4e5d\u65e5\u4eba\u6c11\u65e5\u62a5\u6d77\u5916\u7248\u6240\u62a5\u9053\u7684\u4e91\u5357\u7701\u6f84\u6c5f 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\/>\n\t&nbsp;<br \/>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n\t&nbsp;<br \/>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n\t\u82f1\u56fd\u81ea\u7136\u5386\u53f2\u535a\u7269\u9986\u6709\u4e00\u4f4d\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u5bb6<strong>Colin Patterson<\/strong>\uff0c\u66fe\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u81ea\u7136\u5386\u53f2\u535a\u7269\u9986\u6f14\u8bb2\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u95ee\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u542c\u4f17\uff1a&ldquo;\u4f60\u4eec\u8c01\u80fd\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u4efb\u4f55\u5173\u4e8e\u8fdb\u5316\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\uff0c\u54ea\u6015\u662f\u4e00\u4ef6\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u8bc1\u636e?\u6211\u95ee\u8fc7 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