twenty-eight Select Renard , Ronald D. , ‘ The brand new part of your Karens within the Thai society in early Bangkok period, 1782–1873 ‘, Contributions to help you Western Education , fifteen ( 1980 ): fifteen – twenty eight Bing Student ; Renard , Ronald D. , ‘Brand new combination regarding Karen from inside the north Thai governmental lifetime inside the nineteenth century’, within the Anuson Walter Vella , ed. Renard , Ronald D. ( Honolulu : School away from Hawai’i Press , 1986 ), pp. 229 –48Google College student ; and you may Sarasawadee, Reputation for Lanna.
31 Centered on Keyes , Charles , ‘ Millennialism, Theravada Buddhism, and Thai area ‘, Record out of Far eastern Knowledge , 36 , dos ( 1977 ): 283 – 302 Bing Beginner , symbols of your own king therefore the Buddha is connected in the traditions and legitimise both queen and you may break the rules Phu Mi Bun otherwise future king. Get a hold of together with Wilson , Constance M. , ‘ This new Holy Man regarding the reputation of Thailand and you can Laos ‘, Diary out-of The southern area of Far-eastern Degree , twenty eight , 2 ( 1997 ): 345 –64CrossRefGoogle Scholar .
Royal states were segmentary assistance according to tributary and you can marriage associations, which is, personal networking sites in which rebellion and you will fragmentation usually taken place
31 Falla , Jonathan , True-love and you will Bartholomew: Rebels towards the Burmese edging ( Cambridge : Cambridge School Drive , 1991 )CrossRefGoogle Beginner . With the image of new orphan, come across Hayami , Yoko , ‘ Karen tradition according to Christ or Buddha: The ramifications out of numerous reinterpretations for a minority cultural class inside Thailand ‘, Log away from The southern part of Far-eastern Education , 27 , dos ( 1996 ): 334 –49CrossRefGoogle College student ; getting recent Pwo Karen orphan tales, discover Hinton , Elisabeth , Earliest brother’s story: Stories of Pwo Karen ( Chiang Mai : Silkworm Books , 1999 )Bing Scholar .
30 Po , San C. , Burma therefore the Karens ( London area : Elliot Inventory , 1928 )Bing Scholar . San C. Po is a well known Karen governmental commander. Hovemyr , Anders , Looking this new Karen queen ( Uppsala : Studia Missionaria Uppsaliensia , 1989 )Google Beginner , emphasised the fresh Karen notice-identity just like the underprivileged orphans, however with a feeling of ethical superiority. Yet not, his sources are mainly missionary messages, leading to a fairly biased interpretation.
Gravers , Mikael ( Copenhagen : NIAS Drive , 2007 ), pp
thirty-two The brand new poems were trans. by missionary Mason , Francis and written in ‘ Traditions of one’s Karen ‘, Baptist Missionary Journal (Missionary Sign in) , 14 ( 1834 ): 382 –93Google Student ; and also in Mason , Ellen B. , Civilizing slope guys ( London area : James Nisbet & Co , 1862 )Bing Beginner . My focus.
33 Pick Gravers , , ‘Cosmology, prophets and you may rebellion’, and you may ‘Transformation and you may term: The forming of Karen cultural identity in Burma’, in the Investigating cultural variety from inside the Burma , ed. 227 –58Google Beginner , to have a serious testing regarding missionary interpretations of Karen cosmology.
34 Towards the maxims, pick Aung-Thwin , Michael , ‘Divinity, spirit, human: Conceptions off ancient Burmese kingship’, in Locations, symbols, and you will hierarchies: Essays with the classical says from The southern part of Asia , ed. Gesick , Lorraine ( The new Refuge : Yale University The southern area of Asia Training , Monograph twenty six, 1983 )Google Scholar . To possess an excellent discussion of mandala design, see Chutintaranond , Sunait , Into the both sides of Tenasserim range: Reputation of Siamese Burmese connections ( Bangkok : Chulalongkorn University, Institute off Far-eastern Studies , Monograph 50, 1995 )Bing College student .
35 You can find most other denominations in Burma and you will Thailand dependent on the same information however with ritual distinctions such as for instance Du Wae, Lu Wa and you may Wi Maung Kolhapur in India marriage agency. See Stern, ‘Ariya and also the Fantastic Book’; Gravers, ‘Cosmology, prophets and you will rebellion’; Andersen , Kirsten Ewers , ‘ Two indigenous Karen spiritual denominations ‘, Individuals , 23 ( 1981 ): 251 –61Google Beginner ; Yoko Hayami, ‘Stupas and you will wedding vows: Buddhist and sectarian methods within the Karen state’ (Kyoto: University out-of Kyoto, CSEAS Doing work paper zero. 8, G-COR collection six, 2008), p. 35; and Kwanchewan, ‘Characters regarding contestation’. To the Talakhoung (Ta-la-ku) course, select Buadaeng , Kwanchewan , ‘Creating and you will keeping the new Ta-la-ku society: The new Karen across the Thai–Myanmar border’, for the Picturing organizations in Thailand: Ethnographic techniques , ed. Tanabe , Shigeharu ( Chiang Mai : Mekong Press , 2008 ), pp. 83 – 106 Yahoo Pupil .